Which term describes the tendency to search for information that confirms preconceptions?

• A. Confirmation Bias
• B. Misinformation
• C. Disinformation
• D. Malinformation

Answer: (A)

Confirmation bias describes a cognitive pattern in how we handle information: we tend to search for, interpret, and remember material that supports what we already believe, while downplaying or dismissing evidence that challenges those beliefs. This means our reading and interpretation are skewed toward confirming preconceptions, which can lead to an echo chamber where similar viewpoints are repeatedly reinforced. For example, if you’re convinced a certain diet works, you might seek out studies that show positive results and overlook studies that show little or no effect, shaping your conclusions around that selective evidence.

This differs from misinformation and disinformation, which are about the content itself rather than our mental processing. Misinformation is false information shared without intent to mislead; disinformation is false information spread on purpose to deceive; malinformation involves true information used to harm someone. So, the tendency to favor confirming information is best captured by confirmation bias, not by the others.