What does the hypodermic needle model propose about media effects, and what is a key criticism?

• A. It posits that media messages are injected directly into passive audiences causing uniform effects; criticism: overestimates uniformity, ignores audience agency and selective exposure.
• B. It argues audiences actively search for media that satisfy personal needs.
• C. It states audiences interpret media through elite filters; criticism: underestimates individual agency.
• D. It claims the media sets the public agenda by determining which issues are salient.

Answer: (A)